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卷二——军阀争权乌烟瘴气

第十一章再圆帝梦的丑剧

1 段氏执政与德交恶

1916年6月7日。

黎元洪刚刚宣誓就任大总统，段祺瑞即被任命为国务总理。黎并授意段组织责任内阁。

段祺瑞任职后，碰到了许多棘手问题，对德问题即是其中之一。

1914年7月，第一次世界大战爆发。

1916年5月，原本保持“中立”的美国，对德国的潜艇封锁政策提出了强烈抗议。

1917年2月3日，美宣布与德绝交。这是因为德国潜艇在海上击沉英国客轮鲁西塔尼亚号而引起的。在那次船沉人亡惨案中，死亡1000余人，其中有美国公民100多人。

2月4日，美国召回各中立国，希望他们能够像美国一样与德国绝交。

2月5日以后，伍廷芳外交总长积极主张中国能像美国一样与德国绝交。有人分析说，这位总长系留美博士，他想以此来换取美国对中国的经济援助。

就当是情势来看，黎元洪和段祺瑞各怀鬼胎，各打自己的小算盘。

黎看出段已日益投靠日本，但尚未得到日本的外援，所以他从巩固自己的地位考虑，非常热心走亲美的道路。而段则不同，过去他亲近德国，最近一段时间，他又亲近日本。现在日本已经走上了与德国为敌的道路。他自己何去何从，要听日本的吩咐。

不久中国驻日公使章宗祥向段报告，日本政府不反对中国与德绝交。日本的目的很明显，只要中国与德绝交并进而宣战，它就能更完全的控制中国的政治、经济、军事等方面。

2月9日，段祺瑞政府决定向德国提出对潜水艇政策的抗议。

但是，随着对外政策方面这些事件的出现，国内的形势并不妙。此一时期，段的国务院曾密电各省军阀征询与德绝交的意见，各省几乎尽皆反对与德绝交。黎总统也曾密电征求全国“名流”的意见，结果亦然。甚至连北洋军阀内部，也有许多人的意见与段相左，露骨的反对绝交之举。总之，大家一致主张，中国没有必要卷入世界大战的战火中去。万一中国参加了国际强盗之间的不义战争，牺牲最大的将是中国。

随着日美为争夺控制中国的斗争的激化，美国加快了争夺的步伐。

美国公使黄恩施约见外交总长伍廷芳，要伍转达他要伍陪同晋见黎元洪大总统的愿望。黎得知此消息，很快约见美公使，伍廷芳亦在场。美公使提出3点要求的意见：

一、中国要迅速出兵到欧洲战场参战，兵力要派三个师以上。

二、通过协商解决中国要求停付各国庚子赔款、增加关税、撤销领事裁判权以及撤退各国驻兵等问题。

三、进一步讨论中国与美国采取一致行动后的义务与权利诸问题。

孙子兵法应该是西方知名度最高，拜读率最高的中国书籍了。但是我们中国人有几个完整读过呢，包括我。所以借做这个英汉对照，我也要读一遍。

Translated from the chinese by:

LIONEL GILES, M.A.

I. LAYING PLANS

始计第一

Sun Tzu said: The art of war is of vital importance to the State.

It is a matter of life and death, a road either to safety or to ruin. Hence it is
a subject of inquiry which can on no account be neglected.

孙子曰：
兵者，国之大事，死生之地，存亡之道，不可不察也。

The art of war, then, is governed by five constant factors, to be taken into
account in one’s deliberations, when seeking to determine the conditions
obtaining in the field.

These are:
(1) The Moral Law;
(2) Heaven;
(3) Earth;
(4) The Commander;
(5) Method and discipline.

故经之以五事，校之以计，而索其情：一曰道，二曰天，三曰地，四曰将，
五曰法。

The Moral Law causes the people to be in complete accord with their
ruler, so that they will follow him regardless of their lives, undismayed by
any danger.

Heaven signifies night and day, cold and heat, times and seasons.

Earth comprises distances, great and small; danger and security; open
ground and narrow passes; the chances of life and death.

The Commander stands for the virtues of wisdom, sincerely, benevolence,
courage and strictness.

By method and discipline are to be understood the marshaling of the
army in its proper subdivisions, the graduations of rank among the
officers, the maintenance of roads by which supplies may reach the army,
and the control of military expenditure.

道者，令民于上同意，可与之死，可与之生，而不危也；天者，阴阳、寒暑、
时制也；地者，远近、险易、广狭、死生也；将者，智、信、仁、勇、严也；
法者，曲制、官道、主用也。

These five heads should be familiar to every general: he who knows them
will be victorious; he who knows them not will fail.

凡此五者，将莫不闻，知之者胜，不知之者不胜。

Therefore, in your deliberations, when seeking to determine the military
conditions, let them be made the basis of a comparison, in this wise:--

(1) Which of the two sovereigns is imbued with the Moral law?
(2) Which of the two generals has most ability?
(3) With whom lie the advantages derived from Heaven and Earth?
(4) On which side is discipline most rigorously enforced?
(5) Which army is stronger?
(6) On which side are officers and men more highly trained?
(7) In which army is there the greater constancy both in reward and
punishment?

By means of these seven considerations I can forecast victory or defeat.

故校之以计，而索其情，曰：主孰有道？将孰有能？天地孰得？法令孰行？兵众孰强？
士卒孰练？赏罚孰明？吾以此知胜负矣。

The general that hearkens to my counsel and acts upon it, will conquer: let
such a one be retained in command! The general that hearkens not to my
counsel nor acts upon it, will suffer defeat:--let such a one be dismissed!

将听吾计，用之必胜，留之；将不听吾计，用之必败，去之。

While heading the profit of my counsel, avail yourself also of any helpful
circumstances over and beyond the ordinary rules.

计利以听，乃为之势，以佐其外。

According as circumstances are favorable, one should modify one’s plans.

势者，因利而制权也。

All warfare is based on deception.

Hence, when able to attack, we must seem unable; when using our forces,
we must seem inactive; when we are near, we must make the enemy believe
we are far away; when far away, we must make him believe we are near.

兵者，诡道也。故能而示之不能，用而示之不用，近而示之远，远而示之近。

Hold out baits to entice the enemy. Feign disorder, and crush him.

If he is secure at all points, be prepared for him. If he is in superior
strength, evade him.

If your opponent is of choleric temper, seek to irritate him. Pretend to be
weak, that he may grow arrogant.

If he is taking his ease, give him no rest. If his forces are united, separate
them.

Attack him where he is unprepared, appear where you are not expected.

These military devices, leading to victory, must not be divulged
beforehand.

利而诱之，乱而取之，实而备之，强而避之，怒而挠之，卑而骄之，佚而劳之，
亲而离之，攻其无备，出其不意。此兵家之胜，不可先传也。

Now the general who wins a battle makes many calculations in his temple
ere the battle is fought. The general who loses a battle makes but few
calculations beforehand. Thus do many calculations lead to victory, and
few calculations to defeat: how much more no calculation at all! It is by
attention to this point that I can foresee who is likely to win or lose.

夫未战而庙算胜者，得算多也；未战而庙算不胜者，得算少也。多算胜少算，
而况于无算乎！吾以此观之，胜负见矣。

II. WAGING WAR

作战第二

Sun Tzu said: In the operations of war, where there are in the field a
thousand swift chariots, as many heavy chariots, and a hundred thousand
mail-clad soldiers, with provisions enough to carry them a thousand li,
the expenditure at home and at the front, including entertainment of
guests, small items such as glue and paint, and sums spent on chariots and
armor, will reach the total of a thousand ounces of silver per day. Such is
the cost of raising an army of 100,000 men.

孙子曰：
凡用兵之法，驰车千驷，革车千乘，带甲十万，千里馈粮。则内外之费，宾客
之用，胶漆之材，车甲之奉，日费千金，然后十万之师举矣。

When you engage in actual fighting, if victory is long in coming, then
men’s weapons will grow dull and their ardor will be damped. If you lay
siege to a town, you will exhaust your strength.

Again, if the campaign is protracted, the resources of the State will not be
equal to the strain.

其用战也，胜久则钝兵挫锐，攻城则力屈，久暴师则国用不足。

Now, when your weapons are dulled, your ardor damped, your strength
exhausted and your treasure spent, other chieftains will spring up to take
advantage of your extremity. Then no man, however wise, will be able to
avert the consequences that must ensue.

夫钝兵挫锐，屈力殚货，则诸侯乘其弊而起，虽有智者不能善其后矣。

Thus, though we have heard of stupid haste in war, cleverness has never
been seen associated with long delays.

故兵闻拙速，未睹巧之久也。

There is no instance of a country having benefited from prolonged
warfare.

夫兵久而国利者，未之有也。

It is only one who is thoroughly acquainted with the evils of war that can
thoroughly understand the profitable way of carrying it on.

故不尽知用兵之害者，则不能尽知用兵之利也。

The skillful soldier does not raise a second levy, neither are his supplywagons
loaded more than twice.

Bring war material with you from home, but forage on the enemy. Thus
the army will have food enough for its needs.

善用兵者，役不再籍，粮不三载，取用于国，因粮于敌，故军食可足也。

Poverty of the State exchequer causes an army to be maintained by
contributions from a distance. Contributing to maintain an army at a
distance causes the people to be impoverished.

国之贫于师者远输，远输则百姓贫；

On the other hand, the proximity of an army causes prices to go up; and
high prices cause the people’s substance to be drained away.

When their substance is drained away, the peasantry will be afflicted by
heavy exactions.

近师者贵卖，贵卖则百姓财竭，财竭则急于丘役。

With this loss of substance and exhaustion of strength, the homes of
the people will be stripped bare, and three-tenths of their income will be
dissipated; while government expenses for broken chariots, worn-out
horses, breast-plates and helmets, bows and arrows, spears and shields,
protective mantles, draught-oxen and heavy wagons, will amount to fourtenths
of its total revenue.

力屈中原、内虚于家，百姓之费，十去其七；公家之费，破军罢马，甲胄矢弓，戟
盾矛橹，丘牛大车，十去其六。

Hence a wise general makes a point of foraging on the enemy. One
cartload of the enemy’s provisions is equivalent to twenty of one’s own,
and likewise a single picul of his provender is equivalent to twenty from
one’s own store.

故智将务食于敌，食敌一钟，当吾二十钟；□①杆一石，当吾二十石。

【注：】
①：“忌”加“艹”头。

Now in order to kill the enemy, our men must be roused to anger; that
there may be advantage from defeating the enemy, they must have their
rewards.

故杀敌者，怒也；取敌之利者，货也。

Therefore in chariot fighting, when ten or more chariots have been taken,
those should be rewarded who took the first. Our own flags should be
substituted for those of the enemy, and the chariots mingled and used in
conjunction with ours. The captured soldiers should be kindly treated
and kept.

This is called, using the conquered foe to augment one’s own strength.

车战得车十乘以上，赏其先得者而更其旌旗。车杂而乘之，卒善而养之，
是谓胜敌而益强。

In war, then, let your great object be victory, not lengthy campaigns.

故兵贵胜，不贵久。

Thus it may be known that the leader of armies is the arbiter of the
people’s fate, the man on whom it depends whether the nation shall be in
peace or in peril.

故知兵之将，民之司命。国家安危之主也。

III. ATTACK BY STRATAGEM

谋攻第三

Sun Tzu said: In the practical art of war, the best thing of all is to take the
enemy’s country whole and intact; to shatter and destroy it is not so
good. So, too, it is better to recapture an army entire than to destroy it, to
capture a regiment, a detachment or a company entire than to destroy
them.

孙子曰：
夫用兵之法，全国为上，破国次之；全军为上，破军次之；全旅为上，破旅次
之；全卒为上，破卒次之；全伍为上，破伍次之。

Hence to fight and conquer in all your battles is not supreme excellence;
supreme excellence consists in breaking the enemy’s resistance without
fighting.

是故百战百胜，非善之善也；不战而屈人之兵，善之善者也。

Thus the highest form of generalship is to balk the enemy’s plans; the
next best is to prevent the junction of the enemy’s forces; the next in
order is to attack the enemy’s army in the field; and the worst policy of all
is to besiege walled cities.

故上兵伐谋，其次伐交，其次伐兵，其下攻城。

The rule is, not to besiege walled cities if it can possibly be avoided. The
preparation of mantlets, movable shelters, and various implements of war,
will take up three whole months; and the piling up of mounds over
against the walls will take three months more.

攻城之法，为不得已。修橹□①□②，具器械，三月而后成；距堙，又三月而后已。

【注：】
①：［车贲］。
②：“温”字“氵”旁换“车”旁。

The general, unable to control his irritation, will launch his men to the
assault like swarming ants, with the result that one-third of his men are
slain, while the town still remains untaken. Such are the disastrous effects
of a siege.

将不胜其忿而蚁附之，杀士卒三分之一，而城不拔者，此攻之灾也。

Therefore the skillful leader subdues the enemy’s troops without any
fighting; he captures their cities without laying siege to them; he
overthrows their kingdom without lengthy operations in the field.

With his forces intact he will dispute the mastery of the Empire, and thus,
without losing a man, his triumph will be complete. This is the method of
attacking by stratagem.

故善用兵者，屈人之兵而非战也，拔人之城而非攻也，毁人之
国而非久也，必以全争于天下，故兵不顿而利可全，此谋攻之法也。

It is the rule in war, if our forces are ten to the enemy’s one, to surround
him; if five to one, to attack him; if twice as numerous, to divide our army
into two.

If equally matched, we can offer battle; if slightly inferior in numbers, we
can avoid the enemy; if quite unequal in every way, we can flee from him.

故用兵之法，十则围之，五则攻之，倍则分之，敌则能战之，少则能逃之，不
若则能避之。

Hence, though an obstinate fight may be made by a small force, in the
end it must be captured by the larger force.

故小敌之坚，大敌之擒也。

Now the general is the bulwark of the State; if the bulwark is complete at
all points; the State will be strong; if the bulwark is defective, the State will
be weak.

夫将者，国之辅也。辅周则国必强，辅隙则国必弱。

There are three ways in which a ruler can bring misfortune upon his
army:--

(1) By commanding the army to advance or to retreat, being ignorant of
the fact that it cannot obey. This is called hobbling the army.

(2) By attempting to govern an army in the same way as he administers a
kingdom, being ignorant of the conditions which obtain in an army. This
causes restlessness in the soldier’s minds.

(3) By employing the officers of his army without discrimination,
through ignorance of the military principle of adaptation to
circumstances. This shakes the confidence of the soldiers.

故君之所以患于军者三：
不知军之不可以进而谓之进，不知军之不可以退而谓之退，是谓縻军；不知三军之
事而同三军之政，则军士惑矣；不知三军之权而同三军之任，则军士疑矣。

But when the army is restless and distrustful, trouble is sure to come from
the other feudal princes. This is simply bringing anarchy into the army,
and flinging victory away.

三军既惑且疑，则诸侯之难至矣。是谓乱军引胜。

Thus we may know that there are five essentials for victory:

(1) He will win who knows when to fight and when not to fight.
(2) He will win who knows how to handle both superior and
inferior forces.
(3) He will win whose army is animated by the same spirit
throughout all its ranks.
(4) He will win who, prepared himself, waits to take the enemy
unprepared.
(5) He will win who has military capacity and is not interfered with
by the sovereign.

故知胜有五：知可以战与不可以战者胜，识众寡之用者胜，上下同欲者胜，以
虞待不虞者胜，将能而君不御者胜。此五者，知胜之道也。

Hence the saying: If you know the enemy and know yourself, you need
not fear the result of a hundred battles. If you know yourself but not the
enemy, for every victory gained you will also suffer a defeat. If you know
neither the enemy nor yourself, you will succumb in every battle.

故曰：知己知彼，百战不殆；不知彼而知己，一胜一负；不知彼不知己，每战必败。

IV. TACTICAL DISPOSITIONS

军形第四

（未完）

且看.bs.看

2009年5月7日星期四

《民国怪状大观》在线读——卷二

2009年4月30日星期四

THE Art of War SUN TZU（孙子兵法）

2009年4月24日星期五

英美家喻户晓的广告词

关于经济学家的名言

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